واژه هاي انگلیسی شيمي و معادل مصوبه فارسی آن

واژه هاي انگلیسی شيمي  و معادل مصوبه فارسی آن

• فهرست واژه هايي كه در زیر مي آيد 745 واژة تخصصي رشتة شيمي است كه به همت و تلاش گروه تخصصي واژه گزيني شيمي در فرهنگستان زبان و ادب فارسي معادل گذاري شده و به تصويب شوراي واژه گزيني فرهنگستان رسيده است .

 ab initio calculation, ab initio computation محاسبه از آغاز

ab initio computation →ab initio calculation

  absolute hardness سختي مطلق

  absolute softness نرمي مطلق

absorption spectrum   طيف جذبي

acceptor   پذيرنده

acetic fermentation   تخمير سركه اي

  achiral نادستوار

achirality   نادستوارگي

  acid oxide اكسيد اسيدي

لطفا" به لینک ادامه مطلب بروید

ادامه نوشته

آزمون زبان تخصصی شیمی

 1- متن زیر را ترجمه نمایید.( 10 نمره)

     (K. Fajans (1923-24) introduced a useful type of indicator for precipitation reactions as a result of his studies on the nature of adsorption. The action of these indicators is due to the fact that at the equivalence point the indicator is adsorbed by the precipitate, and during the process of adsorption a change occurs in the indicator which leads to a substance of different colour; they have therefore been termed adsorption indicators. The substances employed are either acid dyes, such as those of the fluorescein series, e.g., fluorescein and eosin which are utilised as the sodium salts, or basic dyes, such as those of the rhodamine series (e.g., rhodamine 6G), which are applied as the halogen salts.)

Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, and the changes which it undergoes. The substances of chemistry consist of all types of materials found on or in the earth, oceans, and atmosphere. These substances, and those produced as a result of other substances reacting with each other are called chemicals. The reaction is known as a chemical process. Such forms of matter as wood and glass, water and gasoline, salt and sugar, iron and gold, differ strikingly from each other in many properties. These differences in properties occur as a result of the differences in the composition and structure of the various substances. Much of our existence, in fact, depends upon the changes which occur in matter. Chemical changes in matter take place when iron rusts, milk sours, a storage battery produces an electric current, and food is digested and assimilated by the body.

 

2- معنی لغات زیر را بنویسید.( 4 نمره)      

(a) coagulation               (b) end point                            (c) quantum mechanics     

(d) extraction                 (e) acid rain                              (f) reaction

(g) combustion               (h) flame                                  (i) atomic number      

(j)  experimental             (k) corrosion                            (l) volume

(m) pressure                   (n) toxic                                   (o) collision

(p) temperature             

 

3- در جملات زیر پاسخ مناسب را انتخاب و در پاسخنامه بنویسید.(6 نمره)

 

1-3. A species with unpaired electrons is paramagnetic, therefore, a species with all electrons paired exhibits ………

a. anti ferromagnetic                             b. anti ferromagnetism

c. diamagnetic                                       d. diamagnet

 

2-3. An electronically ……… the molecule has many choices, one of them is dissociation.

a. excited                 b. active                c. disturbed                    d. activated

3-3. Choose the synonym for the word:    disintegration.

a. survival                b. division            c. breakdown                  d. disparity

 

3-4- بهترین برگردان فارسی را برای گزینه زیر انتخاب کنید.

 

Properties such as vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation and freezing point depression are known as colligative properties.

 

الف- خواصی مانند کاهش فشار بخار، صعود نقطه جوش و نزول نقطه انجماد به عنوان خواص کولیگاتیو شناخته می شود.

ب- خواصی مانند کم بودن فشار بخار، زیاد بودن نقطه جوش و پایین آوردن نقطه انجماد به عنوان خواص کولیگاتیو شناخته شده اند.

ج- خواصی از قبیل فشار بخار کم، دمای جوش زیاد و افسردگی نقطه انجماد را روی هم خواص کولیگاتیو نام می برند.

د- برای بیان فرآیندهایی مانند پایین آوردن فشار بخار، بالا بردن نقطه جوش و کم کردن نقطه انجماد از واژه کولیگاتیو استفاده می شود.

 

•  معنی واژگان تخصصی و عمومی مهم

indicator : شناساگر

 precipitation reactions  : واکنش های رسوبی ( تشکیل رسوب )

adsorption : جذب  سطحی شیمیایی

 due to  : ناشی از

equivalence point : نقطه هم ارزی ( اکی والان )

composition : ترکیب

structure : ساختار

substances : مواد

produced : تولید شده (produce : تولید شدن )

 reacting : واکنش دادن (reaction : واکنش ) 

chemicals : مواد شیمیایی

chemical process : فرایند های شیمیایی

 wood : چوب

 glass : شیشه

strikingly: بطور قابل توجه

 properties : خواص

occur: حادث شدن - اتفاق افتادن

various: متنوع

 existence: وجود - زندگی

take place : انجام شدن

sour : ترش شدن

 food is digested : غذا هضم می شود

assimilate: جذب شدن

coagulation : لخته شدن

extraction : استخراج

combustion : سوختن

flame : شعله

experimental  : تجربی -آزمایشگاهی

corrosion : خوردگی

volume : حجم

pressure  : فشار

toxic : سمی

 collision : برخورد

temperature : دما

unpaired :جفت نشده

paramagnetic : پارامغناطیس

dissociation : تفکیک

disturb : بر هم زدن

 excited : تحریک شده   

  vapor pressure lowering:  کاهش فشار بخار

   boiling point elevation  : صعود نقطه جوش    

freezing point depression : کاهش نقطه انجماد

colligative : کولیگاتیو -جمعی

 disintegration : ازهم پاشیدگی - فروپاشی- تفکیک و گسستن

 disparity : ناجوری - ناهمخوانی

division : تقسیم

 

    

 

آموزش لغات کتاب 504 واژه توسط نقل قول های معروف

 

کتاب ۵۰۴ واژه یکی از کتب آموزشی در زمینه واژگان مهم و کلیدی زبان انگلیسی است . که آموزش این واژگان در ۴۰ درس انجام شده است و در هر درس ۱۲ لغت در داخل جمله هایی معرفی شده اند . متاسفانه جمله های استفاده شده در این کتاب و یا در بسیاری از کتب آموزش واژه های انگلیسی جمله های مهم و ماندگاری در ذهن نیستند. یادگیری جمله ها و نقل قول هایی از بزرگان علم و ادب جهان  که یک پیام کاربردی در زمینه های روانشناسی و  زندگی میدهند شاید آسان تر است و یادگیری کلمه های مشکل در این جمله ها بسیار شیواتر و ماندگار تر است. بر این اساس اینجانب بر آن شدم که واژگان  مشکل کتاب  ۵۰۴ را بر اساس حروف الفبا تا حد امکان در نقل قول های معروف معرفی کنم . امید است که برای خوانندگان مورد پسند باشد .

 

_A

   _{ترک کردن Abandon}

_{''Art is never finished, only abandoned'' Leonardo da Vinci quotes (Italian draftsman, Painter, Sculptor, Architect and Engineer whose genius epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal. 1452-1519)}

_{“Forget all rules, forget all restrictions, as to taste, as to what ought to be said, write for the pleasure of it -- whether slowly or fast -- every form of resistance to a complete release should be abandoned.” William Carlos Williams quotes (American Poet, 1883-1963).}

_{“The condition of being forgiven is self-abandonment. The proud man prefers self-reproach, however painful -because the reproached self isn't abandoned; it remains intact.” Aldous Huxley quotes (English Novelist and Critic, 1894-1963).}

_{تحمل کردن  Abide}

_{“Before I can live with other folks I've got to live with myself. The one thing that doesn't abide by majority rule is a person's conscience.” Atticus}

_{“I left in love, in laughter, and in truth, and wherever truth, love and laughter abide, I am there in spirit.” Bill Hicks (American Comedian, b.1961)}

_{“Those who trust to chance must abide by the results of chance.” Calvin Coolidge quotes (American 30th President of the United States, 1872-1933)}

_{“Try to find your deepest issue in every confusion, and abide by that.” D.H. Lawrence quotes (British Poet, Novelist and Essayist, 1885-1930)}

_{“And We revealed to Musa and his brother, saying: Take for your people houses to abide in Egypt and make your houses places of worship and keep up prayer and give good news to the believers. (quran    Jonah 10.87)”}

_{“What fates impose, that men must needs abide; It boots not to resist both wind and tide” William Shakespeare quotes (English Dramatist, Playwright and Poet, 1564-1616)}

  _{خارج  abroad}

_{Abroad is unutterably bloody and foreigners are fiends" [Nancy Mitford The Pursuit of Love]}

  _{مضحک  و پوچ  Absurd}

_{the Theatre of the Absurd at the Realm of Existentialism Absurdity: A statement or belief manifestly inconsistent with one's own opinion. --Ambrose Bierce}

_{In the sphere of thought, absurdity and perversity remain the masters of the world, and their dominion is suspended only for brief periods. --Arthur Schopenhauer}

_{In the consciousness of the truth he has perceived, man now sees everywhere only the awfulness or the absurdity of existence . . . and loathing seizes him. --Friedrich Nietzsche}

_{I don't think life is absurd. I think we are all here for a huge purpose. I think we shrink from the immensity of the purpose we are here for. --Norman Mailer}

_{At any street corner the feeling of absurdity can strike any man in the face. --Albert Camus}

_{My turn of mind is so given to taking things in the absurd point of view, that it breaks out in spite of me every now and then. --Lord Byron}

_{Modern man must descend the spiral of his own absurdity to the lowest point; only then can he look beyond it. It is obviously impossible to get around it, jump over it, or simply avoid it. --Václav Havel}

_{It is not in the world of ideas that life is lived. Life is lived for better or worse in life, and to a man in life, his life can be no more absurd than it can be the opposite of absurd, whatever that opposite may be. --Archibald MacLeish}

_{It is not funny that anything else should fall down; only that a man should fall down. . . . Why do we laugh? Because it is a gravely religious matter: it is the Fall of Man. Only man can be absurd: for only man can be dignified. --G. K. Chesterton}

_{People who cannot recognize a palpable absurdity are very much in the way of civilization. --Agnes Repplier}

_{The privilege of absurdity; to which no living creature is subject, but man only. --Thomas Hobbes}

_{There is only one step from the sublime to the ridiculous. --Napoleon Bonaparte}

_{We live in a time which has created the art of the absurd. It is our art. It contains happenings, Pop art, camp, a theater of the absurd. . . . Do we have the art because the absurd is the patina of waste? . . . Or are we face to face with a desperate or most rational effort from the deepest resources of the unconscious of us all to rescue civilization from the pit and plague of its bedding? --Norman Mailer}

  _{سوء استفاده کردن abuse} 

_{“The power of a glance has been so much abused in love stories that it has come to be disbelieved. Few people daresay nowadays that two beings have fallen in love because they have looked at eachother. Yet that is the way love begins, and only that way.” Victor Hugo quotes (French romantic Poet, Novelist and Dramatist, 1802-1885)}

_{“Don't abuse your friends and expect them to consider it criticism.”}

 _{Edgar Watson Howe (American Editor, Novelist and Essayist, He was known as the Sage of Potato Hill, 1853-1937}

_{“Since we cannot match it let us take our revenge by abusing it.” Michel de Montaigne quotes (French Philosopher and Writer. 1533-1592)}

_{“Everyone has a right to be stupid; some people just abuse the privilege.”}

_{“The greater the power, the more dangerous the abuse.” Edmund Burke (British Statesman and Philosopher, 1729-1797)}

_{“When you have no basis for an argument, abuse the plaintiff”}

_{Marcus Tullius Cicero (Ancient Roman Lawyer, Writer, Scholar, Orator and Statesman, 106 BC-43 BC)}

_{“The difference between coarse and refined abuse is the difference between being bruised by a club and wounded by a poisoned arrow” Samuel Johnson quotes (English Poet, Critic and Writer. 1709-1784)}

_{“There is no woman in the world who does not abuse the power she has been able to acquire” Pierre Choderlos de Laclos}

_{“Abuse is the weapon of the vulgar” Samuel Griswold Goodrich}

  _{معتاد  addict}

_{“The main goal of the future is to stop violence. The world is addicted to it.” Bill Cosby quotes (American Actor, Comedian and Producer. b.1937, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA}

_{“If you are unhealthily addicted to reading about murder trials, this book may cure you.” John Carey}

_{“There are some people so addicted to exaggeration that they can't tell the truth without lying.”  Josh Billings}

  _{کافی adequate}

_{“Cruelty is in theory a perfectly adequate ground for divorce, but it may be interpreted so as to become absurd” Bertrand Russell (English Logician and Philosopher 1872-1970)}

_{“Like adequate education, freedom of expression is no longer a political nicety, but a precondition for economic competitiveness” Alvin Toffler (American Author of Science-fiction, b.1928).}

_{“My observation is that whenever one person is found adequate to the discharge of a duty... it is worse executed by two persons, and scarcely done at all if three or more are employed therein.” George Washington (American commander in chief of the colonial armies in the American Revolution (1775-83) and subsequently 1st US President (1789-97), 1732-1799)}

_{“To live effectively is to live with adequate information.” Norbert Wiener}

_{“People of uncommon abilities generally fall into eccentricities when their sphere of life is not adequate to their abilities.” Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (German Playwright, Poet, Novelist and Dramatist. 1749-1832).}

  _{نوجوانی adolescent}

_{“The day the child realizes that all adults are imperfect, he becomes an adolescent; the day he forgives them, he becomes an adult; the day he forgives himself, he becomes wise” Alden Nowlan}

   _{کمینگاه ambus} 

_{“The death of democracy is not likely to be an assassination from ambush. It will be a slow extinction from apathy, indifference, and undernourishment.”}

_{Robert M. Hutchins  (American Educator and Writer}

    _{اصلاح کردن  amend}

_{“The real fault is to have faults and not to amend them”}

 _{Confucius (China's most famous teacher, philosopher, and political theorist, 551-479 BC).}

_{“Tomorrow, every Fault is to be amended; but that Tomorrow never comes.” Benjamin Franklin quotes (American Statesman, Scientist, Philosopher, Printer, Writer and Inventor. 1706-1790)}

_{“Weakness of character is the only defect which cannot be amended.” François de la Rochefoucauld quotes (French classical author, leading exponent of the Maxime, 1613-1680)}

  _{پیش بینی کردن anticipate}

_{“What we anticipate seldom occurs, what we least expected generally happens.”}

 _{Benjamin Disraeli (British Prime Minister and Novelist. 1804-1881).}

_{“Successful investing is anticipating the anticipations of others.” John Maynard Keynes (English economist, journalist, and financier, 1883-1946).}

_{“The essence of wise living is anticipating the unanticipated and expecting the unexpected.” Kevin A. Woolsey}

_{“We usually get what we anticipate.” Claude M. Bristo}

  _{جذابیت - توجه appeal}

_{“Non-violence which is a quality of the heart, cannot come by an appeal to the brain.” Mahatma Gandhi (Indian Philosopher, internationally esteemed for his doctrine of nonviolent protest, 1869-1948)}

_{“Poverty is a veil that obscures the face of greatness. An appeal is a mask covering the face of tribulation.” Kahlil Gibran (Lebanese born American philosophical Essayist, Novelist and Poet. 1883-1931)}

_{“Every man wants a woman to appeal to his better side, his nobler instincts and his higher nature - and another woman to help him forget them” Helen Rowland s (English-American writer, 1876-1950).}